Once you’ve done that, start looking through the list for traits that both subjects share. You can also just draw out a list of all of the qualities or characteristics of each subject.X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source In the outer edges of the circle, you write what is different in the overlapping middle area, you write what’s similar. This set of overlapping circles can help you visualize where your subjects are similar and where they differ. A "Venn diagram" can often be helpful when brainstorming.This will help you see which points are the major ones you want to focus on, and can help guide you when you formulate your thesis. Take a little time to brainstorm about how your chosen subjects are similar and different. You probably won’t be able to jump straight from deciding on your topic to having a thesis, and that’s okay. If you say "The Hunger Games and Battle Royale are both similar and different," and your friend asked you "So what?" what would your answer be? In other words, why bother putting these two things together?īrainstorm your topic. It can be helpful to consider the "So what?" question when deciding whether your subjects have meaningful comparisons and contrasts to be made.For example, ask yourself: What can we learn by thinking about "The Hunger Games" and "Battle Royale" together that we would miss out on if we thought about them separately?."Meaningful" comparisons and contrasts do more than simply point out that "Topic A and Topic B are both similar and different." A good compare and contrast essay will help your readers understand why it’s useful or interesting to put these two subjects together. If the consequences of making one type of error are more severe or costly than making the other type of error, then choose a level of significance and a power for the test that will reflect the relative severity of those consequences.Make sure that your subjects can be discussed in a meaningful way. This error is potentially life-threatening if the less-effective medication is sold to the public instead of the more effective one.Īs you conduct your hypothesis tests, consider the risks of making type I and type II errors. That is, the researcher concludes that the medications are the same when, in fact, they are different. However, if a type II error occurs, the researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when it should be rejected. If the medications have the same effectiveness, the researcher may not consider this error too severe because the patients still benefit from the same level of effectiveness regardless of which medicine they take. The two medications are not equally effective.Ī type I error occurs if the researcher rejects the null hypothesis and concludes that the two medications are different when, in fact, they are not. The two medications are equally effective. This value is the power of the test.Ī medical researcher wants to compare the effectiveness of two medications. The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false is equal to 1–β. You can do this by ensuring your sample size is large enough to detect a practical difference when one truly exists. You can decrease your risk of committing a type II error by ensuring your test has enough power. The probability of making a type II error is β, which depends on the power of the test. Type II error When the null hypothesis is false and you fail to reject it, you make a type II error. However, using a lower value for alpha means that you will be less likely to detect a true difference if one really exists. To lower this risk, you must use a lower value for α. An α of 0.05 indicates that you are willing to accept a 5% chance that you are wrong when you reject the null hypothesis. The probability of making a type I error is α, which is the level of significance you set for your hypothesis test. Type I error When the null hypothesis is true and you reject it, you make a type I error. Therefore, you should determine which error has more severe consequences for your situation before you define their risks. The risks of these two errors are inversely related and determined by the level of significance and the power for the test. When you do a hypothesis test, two types of errors are possible: type I and type II. Because the test is based on probabilities, there is always a chance of making an incorrect conclusion.
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